Historical outline of the endorsement: fourth part of the modern world history _meng90hou

Part four modern world history and the rise of capitalism in Europe a new route opened up the cause of the �� (1) economic causes: Western European countries the development of commodity economy increases demand for gold (root causes). (2) social roots: �� subject to the impact of the Marco Polo broker, Europeans are immersed in the "heat", xunjin aspire East; �� Ottoman Empire took control of the Eastern Mediterranean region, hampering the East-West trade routes, creating a business crisis; �� Portugal and Spain keen to spread the Catholic, Muslim and other pagan converted to Catholicism. ����������(1)������ķ�չ���г����������(2)��Բѧ˵��ʢ��(3)��ѧ�����ķ�չ(4)���ҵ�֧�֡� �� After �� 1488 years, Portugal's DIA's fleet arrived in Africa in the southwest of the rate of the Cape of good hope. �� in 1492, Columbus in Italy were in Spain, with the support of the Royal family, crossed the Atlantic reached America. �� 1497-1498 years, Portugal's da �� gamma bypass the African Cape of good hope, arrived in India. �� 1519-1522, Portugal Magellan in Spain with the support of the Royal family sailing round the world, confirmed the theory to circle. �� impact (1) "commercial revolution": the expansion of the regions, the economic and cultural exchanges between nationalities; Eurasian non-trade expansion, the flow of the types and quantity of goods increased; trade routes and trading centre from the Eastern Mediterranean to the Atlantic coast. (2) "price revolution": a large number of precious metal into gold and silver values in Europe, resulting in a decrease, prices skyrocketed; emerging commercial and industrial bourgeoisie get profits decline, seigniors forces, people increasingly poor. (3) promote the decline of the Western European feudal system and the development of capitalism; (4) the European settlers on Asia, Africa, and the United States Chau plunder, the great wealth back to Europe and converted into capital, resulting in a colonial people of extreme poverty and backwardness; (5) to strengthen the links of the world, continents relative isolation is broken, the world is increasingly becoming a mutual influence, closely linked to the world market as a whole, created the conditions of formation; (6) confirms the correctness of the Earth circle doctrine. 2. Portugal and Spain's colonial expansion 1. Overview (1) Portugal: 1500 years announced its colonial Brazil; major expansion in Africa and Asia. To seize military positions, monopoly trade routes, the establishment of a commercial station and trade fraud. (2) Spain: 15 century to the mid-16th century, aggression, mainly in addition to Brazil, Central and South America; Asia and the Philippines. The main purpose of looting of gold and silver. 2. the impact of (1) on the European colonial powers: bring enormous wealth, accelerate the European capital of primitive accumulation and capitalist development. (2), and Latin America: bring calamities, Indian race almost extinct; the black slave trade caused a sharp decline in the African labour force. (3) on the world: changed world history in the development process: Europeans to the United States, Asia, Africa and penetrating political control; economic exploitation and pillage; colonial culture and way of life has also changed. Continents between relative isolation is broken, the world is increasingly becoming a close-knit overall. 3. Italy Renaissance �� reason: European capitalist economic development, enhanced early bourgeois power. �� concept: Renaissance occurred in 14 ~ 17-century Europe, is emerging in the revival of the bourgeoisie to borrow Greece Rome classical culture promotion of bourgeois ideology and culture movement, is Europe's first thought liberation movement. Why originated in Italy: �� financial reasons: first of capitalism; �� political reasons: the destruction of the theological worldview, eradication of all feudal concept; �� cultural heritage: the more reserved Greece Rome classical culture; �� talent structure: a large number of scholars from Byzantium. The core ideas of the Renaissance �C humanism (1): attach importance to human values, respect for humanity, request that the people from the bondage of religion. (2) impact and evaluation: �� on Science, philosophy, literature, art, education, lifestyles have a profound impact. �� is the bourgeois anti-feudal, theological worldview of ideological weapon. �� the humanism of excessive admiration, causing personal desires. Achievements: early: (1) Dante-comedy, exposing the Church corruption and feudal rule of the dark. (2) Picciotto "father of European painting"-religious murals depicting peopleOf personality and the secular world. (3) Peter Terra-the father of "humanism" �� the earliest of the "humanity" confrontation "Theology". (4) bogaqiu-10 on "to expose the hypocrisy of corruption of the Church to promote individuality liberation. Peak period (15th century-16th century in the first half): "art three-Kit" (1) the Leonardo da Vinci-"Mona Lisa", "last supper" (2) Michelangelo-"David" statue (3) Rafael �� the Sistine Madonna (4) Machiavelli �� �� "man" vision of politics 4. Renaissance of West European countries (since the late 15th century) 1. United Kingdom: Shakespeare: dramatist, works reflect the United Kingdom social reality, the creation of personality. 2. France: Rabelais: novel the giant biography ", to promote individuality liberation, encouraged to become" omniscience ". 3. Deutsche: Erasmus: the fool's Ode to expose the priest ignorance, satire, feudal aristocrats greed Pope. 4. Spain: Cervantes: novel "Don Quixote", ironic Knight regime and the martial spirit. 5. Renaissance Science (modern natural sciences) 1. conditional �� people's understanding of natural phenomena; �� changes focus on practice of the spirit of the age, inspire people to explore and explain natural phenomena; �� production experience; �� technical competence. 2. achievements of the modern natural sciences to astronomy of revolution as a beginning: (1) Poland: Copernicus: "Sun Center says," shake the foundations of the feudal theology. (2) German: Kepler: inheritance, development of Copernicus, the planets orbit around the Sun along the elliptical movement regulation. (3) Italy: Galileo: telescope, confirmed the correctness of Copernicus. "Modern founder of experimental science." (4) thinkers: promoting materialism scientific research methods: Italy: Bruno; United Kingdom: Bacon. Bourgeois revolution era United Kingdom and Western world, the United Kingdom the bourgeois revolution a bourgeois revolution background �� socio-economic changes: the �� capitalism manual workshop building and development, the rise and development of capitalism. �� capitalist agriculture appear "enclosure movement" that emerged in rural farm and ranch of capitalism, with employment of agricultural workers. �� explore overseas trade: a new route opened up into the Atlantic Ocean after. United Kingdom Maritime Centre, Tudor to encourage the development of trade and industry and overseas plunder, objectively favours the development of capitalism. �� original capital accumulation acceleration: overseas trade, plunder and enclosure movement for capital accumulation factory of capitalist development. �� class relation of change: the �� emerging bourgeoisie: financier, businessman, and Manual: manual workshop main strength. �� the new nobles: farmer and rancher, they share common interests with the bourgeoisie. �� political contradictions: Tudor dictatorship; at the beginning of the 17th century, Stuart "divine", carried out an absolute monarchy, religious dictatorship, a serious impediment to the development of capitalism (root causes). 2. United Kingdom bourgeois revolution (1640-1688) (a) process �� fuse-1638 Scottish people against Charles I uprising. �� Start logo �C 1640, the convening of Parliament. Purpose: King taxation; result: Parliament rejected the request limit the kingship to tax. �� civil war (1642-1649): 1642 Charles I stir up civil war, Cromwell command Parliament forces in the battle of the Naxi ratio, and Marsden wilderness campaign to defeat such as King's army to end the civil war. 1649, Charles I was executed. �� Republic era (1649-1660): Cromwell rule: on the development of industry and commerce, vigorous: Puritan legislation. External: the conquest of Ireland and Scotland; maintain overseas interests. 1653 "protect State primary," become a military dictator. �� Stuart �� restoration: reason: Cromwell's death Council chaos, the bourgeoisie and the new aristocrats in order to consolidate the rule of the order, tend to come back. �� process: �� 1660 Charles II's restoration, the counterattack. The bourgeoisie and the new nobles of discontent and political struggle in sharp, politics, political parties have begun to take shape, a representative of the interests of different groups of political parties-the Whig party, and the Tory party. �� James II throne after attempting to restore Catholic, further endangering the bourgeoisie and the new nobles of vested interests, Whig party and the part of the Tory party opposition. �� glorious revolution: 1688 years Whig joint part of the Tory party coup, James II, fled to France. The second year, the Netherlands governing the William and Mary ascended the throne of United Kingdom. "Glorious revolution" marks the completion of the bourgeois revolution in the United Kingdom. (Ii) the result �� the monarchy of formation and development of purpose: to limit the kingship. Labels: Bill of rights: to clear provisions that restrict the rights of the King, the King as a constraint. Later, Parliament power increasingly over the King, the King began in "unification and the dead". Monarchy in the United Kingdom formed and developed gradually. (Iii) the significance of 1. overthrew the feudal monarchy, established a constitutional monarchy; 2. for the United Kingdom capitalism and the capitalist political and economic systems opens the way for the establishment; 3. for the United Kingdom provide political presupposes industrial revolution; 4. revolutionary period of progressive thought to lay the ideological foundation of the European enlightenment; 5. reflects the trend of world history, in Europe and other regions of the world have widespread impact, marks a new era of history. European enlightenment, the rise of the Enlightenment (17 century) reasons: 1. the �� 17, 18th century, the power of the bourgeoisie in Western Europe has grown to become feudal autocracy. the development of serious obstacles to the end of the old regime, the bourgeoisie first must be well prepared by public opinion. �� natural sciences development, significantly to liberate people's minds, so that the people began to break the shackles of the feudal superstition. 2. meaning: the European bourgeoisie anti-feudal movement of thought and culture, is Europe's second emancipation movement.3. content: core is rationalism. Calls for rational sunlight scattered reality of darkness. Criticism of absolutism, religious power, called the dictatorship of the monarchy, aristocracy to eliminate privileges and hierarchy, and the pursuit of political democracy, equality and freedom of the individual. 4. the early enlightenment thinkers (United Kingdom) (1) representatives of the upper bourgeoisie Hobbs:. Enlightenment: the State is created through the social contract, awarded by the people's power. Feudal backward mentalities: people to obey the monarch; has no objection to the monarchy, authoritarian regimes have the right to interfere in private property. The Levitan. (2) lock: countries set up by the social contract, protection of private property; in favour of the monarchy; advocates decentralization. 2. France �� climax of enlightenment (18 century) reasons: 1. in France the feudal autocratic regime of decadent bourgeois capitalist development, ideological and cultural fields required in the old system of impact. 2. key thinkers: (1) Voltaire: advocates believe in God, criticized the Catholic Church against the autocratic monarchy, in favour of the monarchy. (2) attacked the feudal autocracy: Montesquieu, the spirit of the law, separation of powers doctrine, the development of Locke made it clear that legislative and judicial power, Executive power principle of separation of powers, among the powers of the "checks and balance" as the ideological core. (3) Rousseau: negative feudal monarchy, promotes "social contract" and "popular sovereignty", pay attention to the public will. (4): the encyclopedia of Diderot, reflecting all scientific achievements to disseminate scientific and rational, against superstition and tyranny. Constitute encyclopedia, high-impact, as France enlightenment Center. Third, the effects of the enlightenment thinkers 1. authorship do away with the Catholic Church and feudal rule of superstition, liberated thinking. Freedom and equality and increasingly in the hearts of the people. 2. strong criticism of the feudal autocratic regime and its spiritual pillar of the Catholic Church, the bourgeoisie achieved dominance provides the ideological and theoretical preparation. 3. for the upcoming France revolution was sufficiently prepared. 4. the effect of the Enlightenment, enlighten people spread the world, shake a feudal rule. In the British North American colonies and the Latin American colony, people drove settlers gained independence. The writings of the enlightenment thinkers were introduced to China and Japan and other Asian countries, and encouragement for people there to transform the old society. France revolution and Napoleon i. Revolution broke out 1 background domestic: �� typical feudal autocratic States, feudal hierarchical (priest; noble; workers ' and peasants ' civilians bourgeoisie). �� the capitalist industrial and commercial development, but there must be a serious obstacle to the feudal autocratic regime. (Root causes) �� third grade in particular bourgeois press for change. (Sharp class antagonism �� direct reason) (4) the outbreak of the revolution and the enlightenment thought to have thought and theory. International: United States war of independence; 2. after (1) fuse: 1789, Louis XVI Conference convened three levels. Purpose: on the third level of tax increases, solve financial problems. The result: a third level of Constitution, limit the kingship, reform; change the old meeting and voting; third-level meeting to the National Assembly, and then change to the constituent Assembly. (2) onset: 1789 14 July Paris people attack the Bastille. II. constitutional monarchy faction reign (1789-1792, in July, August) 1. highest executive and the legislature: 1789-1791 constituent Assembly; 1791-1792.8 Legislative Assembly. On behalf of the class: big bourgeoisie and the Liberal elite interests. 3. measures: (1) announced the abolition of feudal system, the abolition of the churches and noble feudal privileges, the confiscation of church property, shaken by the abolition of feudal system; no feudal land rent, farmers ' land issue is not resolved. (2) publication of the Universal Declaration of human rights. * Main contents: freedom and equality, natural rights, equality before the law, the sanctity of private property. * Evaluation: negative feudal hierarchy and divine thoughts, bourgeois and seize the regime and the consolidation of the regime's ideological weapon. Is the bourgeois revolution of programmatic document, enlightenment political advocate a form of positive law. Built on the private property of the disparity between the Foundation, just maintain the interests of the bourgeoisie. (3) the enactment of the provisions of the Constitution: 1791 France as a monarchy. After the dissolution of the constituent Assembly, the Legislative Assembly. (4) external wars: as the domestic economic difficulties, the political struggle and sharp; foreign counter-revolutionaries ready to attack. In April 1792, declared war on Austria, began the war. Initially just war. 4. step: Louis XVI collusion kimpouo Coalition, 1792, 10 August, Paris people's uprising of the second intifada, seized the King's House, overthrew the monarchy. III. Girondins reign (1792.8-1793.6) 1. Supreme Administrative and legislative authorities: National Association 2. representative of the class: business big bourgeoisie 3. measures: (1) political: the convening of the National Association of universal suffrage, replaces the Legislative Assembly. The abolition of the monarchy and established the first French Republic. (2) economic: Land Act: further improvement of the feudal land system, announced that the allocation by rural households in the communal land, free land Thane repeal "no" to all the feudal rights on. (3) military: obtain Val MI victory, external enemy invasion was stopped. (4) the execution of Louis XVI at the beginning of 1793. 4. step: 1793 in late May and early June in Paris people third intifada. Background: the grim situation inside and outside. Domestic: the King's Party in the West, the restoration of dangerous riots; grain prices soaring, the urban poor calls National Association limit the freedom of trade and food speculation, Girondins against the maximum limit for food. Foreign countries: Britain, Pu, Austria, Netherlands, Italy, Spain and other countries for the first time the law Union. 4. the Jacobins reign (1793 1794, June 1 July 1999): 1. the representative of the class to Robespierre-led small and medium-sized bourgeois 2. measures: (1) Land Act: National Association announced that runaway aristocratic land into small blocks sale, purchase and paragraph 10 years; rural communal land by local population distribution; unconditional abolition of the aristocracy, the rights of all feudal landlords. Fix peasant land issues, farmersJacobins. (2) terror policy: full limit order: to stabilize prices, introduction to the necessities of the highest order. Decree by the punishment of the suspect. Evaluation: save the Republic and rescue plays an active role in the revolution; also have a negative effect. External: publish mobilization order was basically drive the end of the year 1793 foreign interference in army, battlefield transferred abroad. 3. conclusion: the hot month coup: the National Association of anti Robespierre's forces in 1794 in July Robespierre and his main partners on the guillotine. 4. the great historical significance: (1) the masses launching three armed uprising, showing great strength to promote the development of the revolution; (2) the scale of the biggest recent history, the end of the feudal system in France over a thousand years, opening the way for capitalist development; (3) struck the European feudal order, to set an example for future national revolution, has the world significance. 5. Napoleon 1. background: the �� hot month party represents the interests of the big bourgeoisie, would like to establish order in the normal rule of the bourgeoisie. Measures: clear the Jacobins of terror policy and radical measures; protecting the revolutionary achievements, maintenance of republicanism. (2) hot, party, founded in 1795 the Governor's administration is weak and corrupt, internal cannot stabilize, can't resist European countries France's interference. (3) 1799, Napoleon in launching the "fog", the coup d ' ��tat, overthrew the Government of the Governor. �� established Empire: (1) Government established in 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte as first consul, later renamed the lifelong consuls. (2) 1804, Napoleon crowned emperor ascended the throne, the establishment of the French first Empire. 3. policy: (1) political: established a centralized political system; (2) economic reform, financial Bank of France, was founded to encourage industrial and commercial development of capitalism; (3) legal system: the enactment of the civil code, smallholder land ownership access to legal protection. Code as a capitalist society of legal norms; and (4), science and education: training, establishing a public secondary school and University of France to encourage scientific research and technology education. (5), Napoleon's wars: * Napoleon in power, many war, repeatedly defeated Austria and Putin, Russia, the Western countries. 1810 year around Empire flourished for a time, control from Poland to Spain, from the Netherlands to Italy's vast territory. * Napoleon's ambition to make the nature of war expansion by justice into aggression. Russia's invasion of Spain, the expedition failed. In October 1813, is France slavery peoples ethnic war �� the battle of Leipzig, the French fails, Empire began to disintegrate. 1814 Napoleon abdicated the end of March, the destruction of the first Empire, restoration of the Bourbon dynasty. * Evaluation: early war defended the outcome of the revolution, the first Empire further destroyed the feudal system, consolidating the bourgeois social order, and dissemination of revolutionary thought, objectively favours neutralisation of the feudal system and farmer liberation; later violations in many countries, the looting of the peoples, stirred up peoples revolt, causing the last failed. United States for a British North American colonies of socio-economic conditions 1. profile: 1607-18th century building in the North Atlantic coast, the first colony: Virginia. Population structure: European emigration to the United Kingdom people, black slaves. Management models: the Governor and legislature. The Governor on behalf of the United Kingdom for domination, administrative, economic and military power, the possibility of the resolution adopted by the Act. 2. the American nation formation: the unity of the internal market, a common language, common culture. The awakening of national consciousness. 3. the ideological Foundation: enlightenment thought of dissemination of the North American colonies to enhance democracy and nationalism. Thinkers: Franklin, Thomas Jefferson. 4. the economic and commercial operations in the northern part of capitalism:; Central is rich in wheat; southern plantations economic prosperity. United Kingdom to North America as the origin of raw materials and commodities market, trying to suppress the colonial capitalism and economic development (root causes). 2. the war of independence (1775-1783) 1. fuse: 1773 Boston Tea event "dumping." In the second year, the first Continental Congress in Philadelphia. 2. start: 1775 "to star's gun." 3. Army: 1775 in may, the second continental meeting, Washington, d.c., for the Commander-in-Chief of the army. 4. founding: 1776, 4 July, the Declaration of independence (Jefferson, drafting), Declaration of independence. 5. turn: 1777, Saratoga. 6. conclusion: 1781, the town of York, British forces surrender. 7. the victory: 1783 United Kingdom United States independent of formal recognition. 3. the establishment of the United States Republican �� the 1787 Constitution ��: (1) the provisions of the Federal Government has the political, economic, military and diplomatic power, consolidated the State power. (2) in accordance with the separation of powers doctrine in the United States national powers into legislative, judicial and administrative departments, from Congress, the Supreme Court and the President. 2. evaluation: (1) democracy: established a Republican form of Government, the President and elected members; (2) limitations: allows the existence of slavery, racial discrimination. �� 1789 Washington was elected the first President to form the first session of the Federal Government. 4. the significance of the North American war of independence (1) nature: not only is the national liberation war is also a bourgeois revolution. (2) the United Kingdom's colonial rule was overthrown, won the national independence, the establishment of a modern America's first independent States; (3) through the political and economic reform, the establishment of a relative of bourgeois democracy, political system for United States capitalist has laid the Foundation for the rapid development; (4) France revolution and independence movement in Latin America has had a positive impact. Latin America independent movement in a war of independence of Latin America before the �� background �� politics: in most areas in the West, Portuguese feudal autocratic rule. �� West, Portugal to Latin America as the origin of raw materials and commodities market, the colonial economy vigorous policy of domination. �� the late 18th and early 19th century, the Latin American social and economic development, people have certain requirements out of the desire of the sovereign State. �� Enlightenment thought, make colonial people's increasing democratic awareness. �� France revolution erupted and the decline of the West, the Portuguese as the independent sports provides favorable conditions. ��United States independent greatly encouraged by the Latin American people. �� root cause: West, Portuguese colonial rule in the Latin American economic development. 2. Latin America independence movement �� Haitian revolution (1791-1804) Duchamp ? Louvie Durr leadership the abolition of slavery, the fight against the French. In 1803, the first Latin American to become an independent State. �� the independence movement in the West in the case of Latin America: (1) 1810, Idar GE leadership Mexico people for independence, hit Spain settlers. (2) 1815, the independent sports ebb. (3) 1816-1826 Sports Center is South America. Northern Bolivar lead, the establishment of the "big" of the Republic of Colombia, was elected President, the final total rout Spain army. After the southern San Martin leadership retreat. (4) 1826, Spanish, Portuguese colonies in Latin America have been independent. Basic 3. the significance of (1) thoroughly overturned Spain and Portugal of feudal colonial rule, establishing a series of emerging countries; (2) a majority of independent countries established a Republic, Latin America has entered a new era; (3) the fight against the Spanish, Portuguese feudal decadent forces, together with the European bourgeois revolution. The capitalist world system of initial formation and development of the industrial revolution of the Socialist movement and the capitalist economic development 1. United Kingdom: 1. the concept of the industrial revolution in the 18th century to the 1960s, before and after 1840 machines production began to replace the workshop of handicraft, productivity gain rapid development process, also known as the "industrial revolution". 2. background: the �� political premise: bourgeois rule and the establishment of the United Kingdom. �� condition: �� capital: through overseas trade in, colonialist plundering of accumulation of capital. �� employment labour: obtains through the enclosure movement. �� production technology: workshop of handicraft period of accumulation. �� market and raw material origin: through the overseas colonial, colonial plunder. �� necessity: the growing market demand. 3. After: �� Prologue: the earliest start from cotton textile industry. In 1765, Hargreaves invented the spinning machines "Jenny", opened a prelude of the industrial revolution. �Ʋ��ţ��޷�֯��úұ��wbr>��ͨ���䡣 Transportation innovation: 1807 United States people rich Castletown made steamboat; 1814 United Kingdom man Stephen Sun invented steam locomotive. �� power: 1785 Watt improved steam engine in use. Significance: greatly facilitated the spread and development of the machine, enter "steam age." �� production organization change: factory instead of the factory became the main organization of industrial production. 4. complete: 1840, large machine production has been largely replaced by workshop of handicraft. Significance: the United Kingdom became the first industrial countries. 2. extension of the revolution (18th century) 1. France (18th century �� mid-19th century) �� process: textile machines and steam power other sector gradually follow suit. Become the industrial countries after the United Kingdom. �� hindering factors: �� new technologies, new machine inventions and promote more difficult: reason: businesses in the fragmented, long-term family farming. �� industrial labour shortage: reason: there are a great deal in long-term family farming. �� relative lack of industrial capital: reason: loansharking capital developed. �� goods market downturn. 2. United States (18th century �� mid-19th century) �� advantages: �� resource rich, broad market. �� the international environment is superior, the least affected by the war. �� provides a large number of immigrants in the labour force. �� migrants brings advanced technology and production experience. �� did not experience a feudal society, influenced by the old row is traditional and customary restraint. �� process: �� new inventions such as rolling machines, sewing machines, etc. �� the standardized production of machine parts, role: promoting the machine manufacturing industry and the popularity of the machine. 3. Germany (early 19th century) divided by the political situation hinders the process of the industrial revolution. The rapid development of the era: after the Franco-Prussian War. 4. other regions: Russia, Austria, Japan and after starting in the mid-19th century, and two cross-industrial revolution. 3. revolution of the industrial revolution is not only a technical revolution, is also a profound social change. The United Kingdom: 1. economy: dramatically increase productivity, and rapid development of capitalist economy. 2. political: �� consolidated the foundations of capitalist States rule, bourgeois, calls for a strengthening of its economic and political status, the 19th century the 1960s through the bourgeois revolution and reform, has been established, the consolidation of their rule. �� cause social structure changes, resulting in two opposing class industrial bourgeoisie and proletariat, the proletariat increasingly poor, two broad classes of confrontation and struggle gradually clear and intensification, the workers ' movement gradually rising. (3): United Kingdom Adams dense published the germinal ", asks for free, free competition, and free trade, liberalism. (4) to promote the emergence of the modern city. Close to the world: the �� the links between parts of the world, changed the face of the world, and eventually established the bourgeois on world domination. �� capitalist countries in the world in a big rush in commodity markets, preemptive origin of raw materials, expand colonies, exacerbating poverty and backwardness, on the ground to the East from the Western, capitalist world is part of the colonial system of initial formation. Objectively dissemination of advanced production technology and production methods, the fierce impact the old ideas and the old system. �� colonial, semi-colonial and backward, a closed economy was broken, become an integral part of the capitalist world, late 19th century, the initial formation of the capitalist world. The birth of Marxism and Socialist Movement 1. Marxism1. background: the birth of (1) economic premise: in-depth with the industrial revolution, the rapid development of capitalism, capitalism's evils increasingly exposed. Performance: 1825 United Kingdom broke the first capitalist economic crisis. �� class Base: 19 century 30, 40 years and the rise of European workers ' movement. France Lyon workers uprising, the United Kingdom the chartist movement, Deutsche Silesian weavers uprising. Impact: the proletariat as a separate political forces landed on the stage of history, pressing needs for scientific theories. �� practical Foundation: Marx, Engels and in-depth worker masses. �� theory source: German classical philosophy and classical political economy, the United Kingdom, France and Utopian socialism, a critique of these doctrines to be inherited. 2. the birth of the logo: 1848, the Declaration of the Communist Party. Content: first full set out the basic principles of Marxism, clarify the objective laws of social development; points out that the class struggle in a class society to promote the important role of historical development; revealing the historical mission of the proletariat. 3. the significance of the struggle of the proletariat: guidance of scientific theories, Socialist movement began to flourish. 2. the first international 1 background (1) objective criteria: the sixties of the 19th century, with the capitalist economy development, the working group. In 1857 a worldwide economic crisis led to social contradictions. Workers ' movement and national liberation movement again, and gradually moving towards joint international. (2) the subjective conditions: summary of Marx and Engels ' movement experience, in-depth study of the theory. 2. established: 1864; location: London, name: "the international workers Association." 3. nature: international workers ' organizations. 4. significance: Marxism and the workers ' movement product of the combination, promote the International Socialist movement into a new stage. 3. Paris Commune 1. background: the Franco-Prussian War fiasco, the provisional Government sellout reactionary. �� 1870 France defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. Second Empire was overthrown, the establishment of the French third Republic. �� the provisional Government of knees, mix of compensation: Alsace province and part of Lorraine province; 50 billion francs. �� the provisional Government of the people's armed forces trying to disarm the Paris, causing people to counterattack, fled Paris, moved to Versailles. 2. process: 1871 Paris people in March uprisings, set up the Paris Commune. At the end of May. 3. measures: �� political power: the abolition of the old army, the old Court and the Parliament, replacing it with a new national AUC, State agencies; provide public officials elected by democracy, people have the right to monitor, remove. �� social economy: confiscation of runaway capitalist factory, to workers cooperative management; monitoring the production of railway transport and military supplies. 4. significance: the proletariat overthrow the propertied class rule, establishing a dictatorship of the proletariat; the great try to enrich the Marxist dictatorship of the proletariat revolution and doctrine; lessons learned is a precious treasure of the Socialist movement. 19 century the 1960s bourgeois revolution and reform 1. Russia 1861 reform 1. background: the �� root causes: poor feudal serfdom hamper the development of capitalism, resulting in serious social crisis. �� directly cause: Crimean War Russia fiasco, contributed to the domestic social economic crisis. �� peasant rebellion. 2. the reform: �� purpose: to save the rule in the crisis. �� Act: Alexander II signed a decree abolishing serfdom. Content: the provisions of the serfs in legal liberty; SERF can get a piece of paper, but must be high-priced purchase. 3. significance: nature: �� is a top-down reform of the bourgeoisie. �� progressive: the abolition of serfdom, the serfs had won the right to liberty, expanded the sources of free labor in Russia, conducive to the development of capitalism in Russia. Through reforms, serfs got their own land, production increase, motivated to promote agricultural development in Russia. �� limitations: reform is not completely, leaving significant remnants of feudal serfdom. 2. United States civil war (1861-1865) 1. background �� the �� North-South conflict: �� territorial expansion:: redemption, armed subversion or intrusion. In the mid-19th century, the territory extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast. Many people emigrated from the East, West, namely, the "westward movement". Evaluation: the massacre of indigenous Indians; the Western United States from development and promoting economic development. �� economically: North-South in the form of two different economic contradictions between the (underlying cause) �� political: the 1787 Constitution allows slavery exists. �� directly cause: 1860, that limit slavery Republican Lincoln was elected President. �� performance: �� North: capitalism the rapid economic development and commerce, industry and Commerce capitalists require protection of domestic markets and raw materials, the expansion of industrial exports, increase tariffs, import restrictions on industrial products, requires the abolition of slavery, free labor, in the West to establish "free State". �� South: slavery in the rapid development of the plantation economy, planters demanded that the cotton material exports to the United Kingdom, lower import tariffs, expansion, extension of slavery in the West. �� contradictions focus: retention of slavery. During the first half of the 19th century, the North of the abolition movement, contradictions between North and South. 2. : �� outbreak: 1861, the establishment of the Southern League South, open secession, provoking war South army. �� the initial situation: two forces and masses are conducive to the North, but because of lax, fantasy compromise readiness, and South to deliberate, well-prepared, lead to early failure of the Northern War. ��: 1862, Lincoln Government promulgated the Homestead Act, role: accelerating the development of the West, has expanded its domestic market. Promulgation of the emancipation of black slaves Declaration, provides a slave rebellion called State, and freedom to participate in the Federal Army. Battlefield situation reversed. �� turning point: 1863 Gettysburg campaign, Northern Army major victory began masteringThe initiative in war. �� end: 1865, southern army surrendered, civil war, the Northern propertied class victory. 3. the significance of nature: the ��: United States history second bourgeois revolution. �� it maintain national unity, abolished slavery, further swept away the obstacles to the development of capitalism, is paving the way for economic take-off. �� limitations: racial discrimination still exists. 3. Germany unified 1. background: the �� early start of the 19th century industrial revolution, capitalism and economic development. �� necessity: the mid-19th century, the political situation of the German fragmentation hinders the development of capitalism. Performance: the lack of unity of the internal market, international competitiveness depends on strong country. �� possibilities: �� industrial revolution to promote economic development as the fundamental driving force for unity. �� Prussian powerful complete unity: economy powerful developed; military; unified commitment; the strength of the ruling class. �� Bismarck play an important role. On the conduct of military reform, the implementation of the "blood" policy; external expand flexible diplomacy. 2. type: dynasty wars. 3. process: �� 1864 Prussian war against Denmark, Denmark has been under the control of parts of German territory. �� 1866 kimpouo war, sadova campaign to defeat the Austrian capital, Austria being squeezed out of Germany. �� 1867 established Norddeutsche Alliance, unifies the various States in the North of Germany. �� Franco-Prussian war in 1870, color when defeated the French campaign. South called bang into the Norddeutsche Alliance. �� Prussian Kings early in 1871, William I's accession to the throne as Emperor of the German Empire, to complete the reunification of Germany. 4. influence: the �� end fragmentation, as Germany pave the way for the economic development of capitalism. France, Germany, Austria was choking the emerging powers, changed the European international structure. Unified Germany has inherited the Prussian old system, especially militarism, traditional, Germany to become Europe's most aggressive countries. 4. Japan's Meiji Restoration 1. background of the �� root causes �� shogunate rule serious social crisis �� political: the mid-19th century, the Tokugawa shogunate ruled Japan in the implementation of seclusion policy is outdated feudal state. People against constant, class contradictions. �� economically: feudal Lord economy begins to disintegrate, capitalist relations of production and development gradually. �� class relations: the class divide in rural areas, the emergence of new landowners and merchants, requirements from usury feudal fetters; in subordinate Samurai because economic conditions worsen and dissatisfaction, the shogunate pillars into down curtain. �� external relations: 1853 United States warships knock off, Western capitalist powers are invading Japan, the national crisis is serious, the shogunate rule crisis heightened. �� the direct reason �� armed down curtain success in subordinate Samurai-down curtain were mastered in the southwest of strong-regime, established a down screen and beat back the Shogunate forces. In 1867, curtain sent joint Emperor, the establishment of the Meiji government. In 1868, government troops defeated the Shogunate forces came to the invasion, the victorious destroyed the shogunate rule. 2. process: �� purpose: consolidation of the new regime, the development of the capitalist economy, realization of national rejuvenation, free from external oppression, the establishment of an independent State in modern times. ��: �� politics: weaken fengjiangeju forces, centralization. Waste-reset County, the abolition of feudal Lord system, the establishment of a Government House, County, tract of local institutions; the abolition of feudal identity system; cancel Samurai privilege and some of the people on the lower limit, the implementation of formal equality. �� economic aspects: development of capitalist economy. Reforming land system, recognizing the private land, land sale allowed, formal legal protection for new landlords land ownership; the introduction of advanced technologies in the West to develop modern capitalist businesses; the abolition of obstacles and Guild system, factory, foster private enterprises, the development of foreign trade. �� military aspects: implementing conscription, establishes the wealth to the Bushido, absolute loyalty to the emperor by Imperial forces, and actively prepare for aggression. �� cultural aspects, the implementation of the "civilized" policy of civilization. Core: Western capitalist culture of Japan feudal culture, development of modern education, training of capitalist development talent. 3. the success of reason: the �� Japan feudal autocratic rule the weak, down curtain forces capable of rapid growth, with a strong strength. �� down curtain sent after the establishment of a new regime, has implemented a comprehensive, proven reform measures. �� Western powers concentrated forces invade China, objectively so that the development of capitalism in Japan has a relatively relaxed international environment. 4. significance: �� positive: �� keep feudal Japan changed the backwardness and embarked on the development of capitalism. �� Japan gradually unequal treaties, get rid of national crisis, will soon become the Asian powerhouse. �� negative: �� keep strong feudal forces. �� with economic and military strength grows, strive to promote militarism on Asian neighbors for aggression, as emerging imperialist countries. The initial formation of the capitalist world markets a capitalist powers expansion 1. background: the development of the industrial revolution the �� bourgeoisie in the world open up a broader commodity market, preempt more raw material origin. (Root causes). �� economic development make the capitalist Nations unprecedented strength (material). �� capitalist States committed to implementing the policy of external aggression. 2. the means: swords and guns and cheap goods. 3. expansion performance: �� United Kingdom: �� purpose: to continue to meet the needs of industrial bourgeoisie, with strong economic and military strength, seizure of colonial and semi-colonial, Rob origin of raw materials, the development of commodity markets. &# 9313; regions: in Asia: to the mid-19th century, completely occupied India, Singapore, aggression, Myanmar, Afghanistan, Iran and other countries. Two opium wars. In Oceania: possessed of Australia and New Zealand. In Africa: forces invade Egypt. In Latin America: stepping up to the new Latin American countries economic aggression. �� France: invasion of Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia, etc. Working with the United Kingdom launched the second opium war. Proceed to Indochina aggression. �� United States: join in Asia and Latin America, and aggression. 2. the initial formation of the capitalist world market conditions: 1. the �� industrial revolution make productivity develop. �� bourgeois revolution and reform, the further development of capitalism. �� new transport makes long distance transportation more convenient. �� vast areas, and Latin America into a capitalist country colonial or semi-colonial and, as a commodity market and raw material origin, became a vassal of capitalist economy. 2. initial formation: the late 19th century: 3. (1) on the capitalist countries: promoting the development of the capitalist economy, emerging industrial bourgeoisie grab a broad commodity market and more abundant cheap raw materials. (2) on colonies and semi: powers for massive looting, bring calamities; objectively greatly impact the colonial semi-colonial and relatively backward social economic system, the dissemination of new ideas to the capitalist mode of production and is conducive to the development of capitalism and the progress of society. (3) on the world: to further enhance the range of around the world.